Gavel Gamut
By Jim Redwine
(Week of 16 March 2015)
The March 04, 2015 Investigation of the Ferguson Missouri Municipal Court and Police Department by the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division involved hundreds of personal interviews and took seven months to complete. It concluded there was a failure of the Municipal Court, the police department and the city government to administer equal protection and due process to the citizens of Ferguson.
Numerous recommendations for needed change were made based upon an analysis of the causes of numerous injustices. A major finding was the historical discrimination against African Americans. The Report was published a week before two police officers were shot from ambush while on duty during a demonstration outside the police station. A full-blown investigation of these crimes has been launched, but, as of the writing of this article, no one has been arrested.
These cowardly actions are now a part of Ferguson’s, and America’s, long history of violence and injustice arising out of what President Obama has called the legacy of slavery.
Most Americans have knowledge of our Constitution’s legalization of slavery, the great struggle to end it and that unfortunate vestige of slavery, segregation, both by circumstance and by law. The Department of Justice report on Ferguson referred to segregation’s history as a root of today’s problems.
Under the heading “Historical Background†the following was reported:
Until the 1960s, Ferguson was a “sundown town†where African Americans were banned from the City after dark. The City would block off the main road from Kinloch, which was a poor, all-black suburb, “with a chain and construction materials but kept a second road open during the day so housekeepers and nannies could get from Kinloch to jobs in Ferguson.â€51 During our investigative interviews, several older African-American residents recalled this era in Ferguson and recounted that African Americans knew that, for them, the City was “off-limits.â€Â
There are millions of Americans alive today who remember and lived under discrimination by law and by fact, de jure and de facto as it used to be termed. I am one of those Americans. As a child growing up in Oklahoma I personally experienced “Whites Only†and “No Coloreds Allowed†for restrooms, restaurants, water fountains, schools, public transportation, movie theaters and most everywhere. Some of the most segregated places were churches, including the one in which I was baptized.
Many of the convoluted attempts to keep the races separate (but equal) were so ludicrous they would have been comical if not so wrong. In 1948 Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher, an African American (called Colored then) woman wanted to attend Oklahoma University’s Law School. Now, you might think if any institution would abhor denial of equal protection it would be a law school. However, the Oklahoma State Board of Regents ruled all Oklahoma educational institutions must keep the races separate.
After the United States Supreme Court ruled O.U. must admit Ms. Sipuel Fisher, the State of Oklahoma created a one-person law school at the all-Negro college in Langston, Oklahoma. After another law suit, a federal court ruled this illegal so Oklahoma University allowed her to attend the law school, but forced her to sit in a special chair marked “Colored†that was chained off from the rest of the class and guarded to keep white students away from her. She also had a separate table in the cafeteria.
O.U. took a similar approach with George W. McLaurin who in 1950 wanted to seek a PhD in education. At first he was denied admission, but after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled O.U. had to admit him, he was forced to sit at a desk just outside the classroom door, had a special desk in the library and had to eat at a separate table in the cafeteria.
I am pretty sure my great-great-grandfather who was wounded at Chickamauga and Shiloh while fighting for the Union would not have expected situations such as Ferguson to exist over 150 years after “The Great Struggleâ€. In fact, after my high school was integrated in 1957, I figured the “War of Northern Aggression†as my seventh grade teacher called it was finally over.
I was wrong.
